Climate Change guides a location’s overall weather conditions over a long period of time. Maine, for example, has a chilly and snowy winter climate, but South Florida has a balmy environment all year.

Many individuals believe that climate change primarily entails higher temperatures. However, the rise in temperature is merely the beginning of the report. Changes in one place can impact changes in all others since the Earth is a system in which everything is complementary. Emissions are continuing to climb. As a result, the Earth has warmed by around 1.1°C since the late 1800s. The previous ten years (2011-2020) were the hottest in recorded history.

some people justify imperfect action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by arguing that there may be an economically ‘optimal’ amount of climate change that we can cope with. Relying on such an inference allows us to continue burning fossil fuels, and delay the transformation needed to get our emissions to zero and limit global warming to 1.5°C.

The past weeks and months have been a wake-up call for this kind of thinking. So far, 2021 has seen a summer of climate extremes in the Northern Hemisphere, getting even the most developed and seemingly well-prepared nations to their knees.

Countries in western Europe (Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands and others), as well as India and China, were hit with unprecedented and catastrophic flooding, killing over 600 people. Thousands are left homeless and the areas are overwhelmed by power cuts and infrastructure collapse.

In contrast, some parts of the world (e.g. Greece, Turkey, Finland, India, Northwestern USA and Canada) have suffered from wildfires and unprecedented temperatures attributed to human activity this summer.

This is only a small part of the picture. Many nations around the globe, nevertheless of their development or preparedness status, face similar climate impacts which affect millions of people.

What is Climate Change?

Long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns are directed to climate change. These movements might be due to natural causes, such as changes in the solar cycle. However, human activities have been the direct cause of climate change. The reason? Combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil.

Why is Climate Change taking place?

Climate change has occurred in the past, but the current changes are faster than any known happening in Earth’s history. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane, are the primary reason. Additional sources include agriculture, steel manufacturing, cement production, and forest loss. These factors, taken together, accelerate global warming.

For example, the Climate Impact Explorer shows that the annual damage Germany faces from river flooding will likely increase by 72% if we simply follow current climate policies. Days with extreme precipitation, that would only occur every 10 years, are expected to double in Europe with every degree of warming. Higher temperatures will also lead to more frequent storms that move more slowly, increasing the risk of flash floods and significant damage.

It has been clear for years that science underestimates the scope of increasing extremes, as climate models perform better for the mean than for extremes. We also know that assumptions used for infrastructure design significantly underestimate the intensity of extreme precipitation events.

Causes of Climate Change

Natural causes of climate change

Long before humans were on the scene, the world experienced periods of warming and cooling. This happened due to:

• The sun’s intensity
• Volcanic eruptions
• Variations in naturally existing greenhouse gas concentrations

Human Induced causes of climate change

Greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activities are the primary cause of today’s rapidly changing climate. Since olden times, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 46 per cent. This makes it the planet’s primary contributor to climate change.

• Combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas for power, heat, and transportation
• Deforestation
• Logging, Clear-cutting, fires, and other types of forest degradation
• Fertilizer usage (a significant source of nitrous oxide emissions)
• Animal raising (cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats are important methane emitters)
• Industrial operations that create fluorinated gases

Our planet’s woods and seas interest greenhouse gases from the atmosphere via photosynthesis and other processes. Then also, they are unable to keep up with our increasing emissions. As a result of the accumulation of greenhouse gases, the earth is warming at an alarmingly rapid rate. During the twentieth century, the earth’s average temperature climbed by around 1 degree Fahrenheit. If you don’t think that’s a lot, consider this: when the last ice age ended, average temperatures were just 5 to 9 degrees lower than they are now.

How is it affecting the environment?

Nature and wildlife

Climate change is projected to lead to the extinction of a large number of species. Many terrestrial and freshwater species have migrated poleward and to higher altitudes as a result of recent warming. Heatwaves and drought have lowered and bleached coral reefs. Ocean acidification makes it difficult for species like mussels, barnacles, and corals to form shells and skeletons. Harmful algal blooms reduce oxygen levels, disrupt food webs, and result in a significant loss of marine life.

Sea levels are rising and oceans are becoming warmer. Longer, more intense droughts threaten crops, wildlife and freshwater supplies. From polar bears in the Arctic to marine turtles off the coast of Africa, our planet’s diversity of life is at risk from the changing climate.

Climate change poses a fundamental threat to the places, species and people’s livelihoods WWF works to protect. To adequately address this crisis we must urgently reduce carbon pollution and prepare for the consequences of global warming, which we are already experiencing.

ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE

To avoid the worst effects of climate change, we need to dramatically reduce global carbon emissions. But we must also prepare for the significant and unavoidable consequences of carbon emissions such as increasing temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, ocean acidification, sea-level rise and the increasing intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. WWF works with local communities, governments and others around the world to help nature and people prepare for the many impacts of a changing climate. To do this we:

• Increase resilience of communities in Nepal by promoting new farming techniques, community weather monitoring and creating seed banks
• Restore beach vegetation to shade marine turtle nests in the Caribbean
• Secure access to fresh water for elephants in Thailand during periods of drought
• Identify areas where polar bears can live on solid Arctic sea ice for decades to come

Global Temperature Rise

Since the late 1800s, the planet’s average surface temperature has climbed by around 1.18 degrees Celsius. This is mostly because of rising carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and other human activities. The last 40 years have seen the most warming, with the last seven years being the hottest. 2016 and 2020 are tied for the hottest year ever recorded.

That extra heat is driving regional and seasonal temperature extremes, reducing snow cover and sea ice, intensifying heavy rainfall, and changing habitat range for plants and animals—expanding some and shrinking others.  As the map below shows, most land areas have warmed faster than most ocean areas, and the Arctic is warming faster than most other regions.

Warming Ocean

Although the waters have warmed more slowly than land, plants and animals in the ocean have moved to the frigid poles at a speedier rate than land-based species. The water has absorbed much of the extra heat, with the warming of more than 0.33 degrees Celsius in the top 100 meters since 1969. 90% of the surplus energy on Earth is stored in the ocean.

Rising amounts of greenhouse gases are preventing heat radiated from Earth’s surface from escaping into space as freely as it used to. Most of the excess atmospheric heat is passed back to the ocean.

Shrinking Ice Sheets

The bulk of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets has shrunk. Greenland lost an average of 279 billion tons of ice every year between 1993 and 2019. Antarctica lost roughly 148 billion tons per year.

Glacial Retreat

In the Alps, the Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska, and Africa, glaciers are disappearing practically everywhere.

Decreased Snow Cover

The quantity of spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has reduced during the last five decades and the snow is melting sooner.

Sea Level Rise

In the previous century, the global sea level rose by around 8 inches (20 cm). However, in the recent two decades, the rate has approximately doubled that of the previous century and is increasing slightly each year.

Declining Arctic Sea Ice

Over the last several decades, both the area and thickness of Arctic sea ice have significantly decreased.

Extreme Events

Since 1950, the number of record hot temperature occurrences has increased in the United States. While the number of record low-temperature events has decreased. In addition, the United States has seen an increase in the number of severe rainfall events.

Ocean Acidification

The acidity of surface ocean waters has grown by around 30% since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. This rise is due to people putting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It is then soaked by the ocean in greater amounts. In recent decades, the ocean has absorbed between 20% and 30% of total human carbon dioxide emissions.

Food and health

Climate change’s human values are considered by the WHO to be the biggest danger to world health in the twenty-first century.

• The indirect effects such as undernutrition caused by crop failures have a negative influence on health. Reduced food availability and quality are expected to result in over 500,000 more adult deaths annually by 2050. Between 1981 and 2010, worldwide mean yields of maize, wheat, and soybeans were reduced.
• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), between 2030 and 2050, climate change is anticipated to result in an extra 250,000 fatalities per year. The resason being heatstroke in the elderly, increases in diarrheal illness, malaria, dengue fever, coastal flooding, and childhood malnutrition.
• Air and water quality are two more key health problems linked to climate change.
• Warming seas have an influence on fish stocks, resulting in a global reduction in maximum capture potential. Only polar stocks are showing signs of improvement.

Why is climate change the biggest threat?

According to research, present warming is 10 times higher than the average pace of ice-age recovery warming. After the last Ice Age, carbon dioxide from human activities increased more than 250 times faster than it did from natural sources.

Temperatures on land have risen twice as quickly as the worldwide average. Heatwaves and wildfires are getting more prevalent, and deserts are growing. Many species are forced to move or go extinct when their habitat changes in areas like coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic. Food and water shortages, higher flooding, excessive heat, more disease, and economic loss are among the threats posed by climate change. It has the potential to cause human migration. Climate change, according to the World Health Organization, is the greatest danger to world health in the twenty-first century. Even if attempts to reduce future warming are successful, some consequences will last generations. Sea level rise and warmer, more acidic waters are two examples.

Further glacier melt, ocean warming, sea-level rise, and ocean acidification are all long-term repercussions of climate change. The amount of climate change will be dictated mostly by manmade CO2 emissions over a period of hundreds to millennia. This is owing to CO2’s extended lifespan in the atmosphere. Ocean acidification will last thousands of years due to the slow absorption of CO2 by the ocean. The present interglacial era has been predicted to have been extended by at least 100,000 years as a result of these emissions. Sea level rise is expected to continue for many centuries, with an increase of 2.3 meters per degree Celsius after 2000 years.

Scientists believe that if nothing is done, global warming would approach 4 degrees Celsius in the future. This will result in deadly heatwaves, millions of people losing their homes due to rising sea levels, and irrevocable extinction of plant and animal species.

• As cropland transforms to the desert, certain locations may become uninhabitable as a result of continued warming. In other parts of the world, excessive rainfall is producing record floods, as witnessed in China, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands recently.
• People in impoverished nations would bear the brunt of the consequences because they lack the financial means to adapt to climate change. Many farmers in poor nations already have to deal with excessively hot conditions, and things are only going to grow worse.
• Our seas, as well as their ecosystems, are in danger. Due to warmer oceans caused by climate change, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia has already lost half of its corals since 1995.
• As the glaciers melt in regions like Siberia contained greenhouse gases will be released into the atmosphere, accelerating climate change.
• Animals will have a tougher time finding the food and water they require on a warmer planet. Polar bears, for example, may go extinct when the ice melts away. Elephants may struggle to get the 150-300 liters of water they require each day.
• If nothing is done, scientists estimate that at least 550 species will be lost this century.

Tags: Higher Temperatures, Carbon Emissions, Community Weather Monitoring, Greenhouse Gases.